by AndrewMc | 10/30/2009 12:01:00 PM
I consider myself an environmentalist, despite having once eating whale meat. I was a vegetarian for more than 10 years, and a strict vegan for some of those. And while I again eat meat, I do so rarely and in very small amounts. When my family first moved to San Diego in the early 1970s, when I was but a very young lad, it was still possible to catch yellow fin tuna from the Ocean Beach pier. By the mid-1980s you had to take a boat a few miles off shore.

Now, tuna everywhere are depleted from their historic lows. That's why I'm glad to see studies like this reaching the public consciousness.




Jeremy's call for a panelist reminds me to note that I will be at the Southern Historical Association annual meeting in Louisville next week. I'll also be at the AHA in San Diego. If you are going to be at either meeting and want to get together to say "hi," drop me a line or post a comment.






Someone please explain this to me. Does Jesus really care if you win a football game? Isn't it just as likely that Satan could be involved in sports? Are we to see the bumper stickers reading "WPDWJR" (Which Pass Defense Would Jesus Run)?






On a more serious note, are people paying attention to this? What are your thoughts here?

Congress has not given final approval to legislation ending federal subsidies for private student loans for college. But Secretary of Education Arne Duncan sent a letter Monday to thousands of colleges and universities urging them to get ready to use the government’s Direct Loan Program in the 2010-11 school year.

The House of Representatives last month passed the Student Aid and Fiscal Responsibility Act, expanding the government’s direct lending and ending the current program of government subsidies and loan guarantees for private lenders. Under that law, all colleges would be required to convert to the federal Direct Loan Program by July 1.






This is an interesting discussion.

And although it pertains to non-college students, it is still applicable. What are your views on instructors revealing their political opinions to students? I poll my students in my 100-level classes after each election, asking them who they thought I had voted for. It usually splits about 50-50.

I don't ask my upper-division students. By the fourth or fifth year, they've been around the department long enough to know me outside of the classroom. They all know by that point.

Your thoughts?






And you thought 8am classes were bad.





The Obama administration is calling for an overhaul of college programs that prepare teachers, saying they are cash cows that do a mediocre job of preparing teachers for the classroom.


No kidding.





Would you submit?

Many colleges now require criminal background checks of all new employees. But the University of Akron -- in what some experts believe is a first -- is not only requiring a criminal background check, but is stating that new employees must be willing to submit a DNA sample.






This will be one of the last postings on this blog. Sorry.





The beer of the week is Schlafly Beer. There are a couple of reasons to like this beer. First, it's got good quality. Second, it's inexpensive--around $7 for a six pack where I live.

Finally, they're succeeding right in the belly of the beast. They're brewing beer in St. Louis, for god sakes. Right under the eye of Sauron! And they're doing it well.

I've not had every beer they make, but I've had most of them. To be sure, these are not world-class beers. They make some very good beer, sure. But this is good sipping beer--hanging out watching a game, sitting with friends, drinking a beer.

On the unusual side, I like their coffee beer, although I'm not a fan of coffee. On the other side, while this reviewer really liked the American Pale Ale, I find that beer to be an example of what's wrong with the American tendency to think that if a bit of something tastes good, then a lot of the same thing must taste better. Way too much hops, which destroy the malt flavor. I think it's all out of balance.

That having been said, their Pilsener, Pale Ale, and Kolsch are all excellent beers.

This are good, low-cost beers and well worth trying, if you haven't already.




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by Winter Rabbit | 10/29/2009 09:38:00 PM



Columbus’s first voyage in 1492 combined with his religious motivations for making it led Pope Alexander VI to issue a Papal Bull in 1493.


Pope Alexander VI ordered Ferdinand and Isabella to observe and to do the following: that the primary purpose of all future voyages and ensuing discoveries of land and people was to Christianize and “overthrow” any Nations who resisted; that Columbus himself be used for the next voyage, since there was consensus among Columbus, Ferdinand, Isabella, and the Papacy with regards to spreading Christianity to the entire world; that the Indians might have been good converts; that all this was to be carried out “By the Authority of Almighty God;” that it applied to the entire world; that any possible Christian rulers were to not be overthrown; that Ferdinand and Isabella had power over such possible Christian rulers, while the Papacy had power over them and any possible Christian rulers; that overthrown Nations would have a Christian ruler put in place; that anyone who traded with anyone who overthrew a Christian ruler would be excommunicated; and that anyone who went against the Papal Bull would “Incur the wrath of Almighty God.”

Perhaps because in part because he didn’t want to” Incur the wrath of Almighty God,” and in addition to Columbus’s crimes against humanity, “he performed a ceremony to "take possession" of the land for the king and queen of Spain, acting under the international laws of Western Christendom.”


Source

When Christopher Columbus first set foot on the white sands of Guanahani island, he performed a ceremony to "take possession" of the land for the king and queen of Spain, acting under the international laws of Western Christendom. Although the story of Columbus' "discovery" has taken on mythological proportions in most of the Western world, few people are aware that his act of "possession" was based on a religious doctrine now known as the Doctrine of Discovery. Even fewer people realize that today --five centuries later-- the United States government still uses this archaic Judeo-Christian doctrine to deny the rights of Native American Indians.

- snip -

In 1823, the Christian Doctrine of Discovery was quietly adopted into U.S. law by the Supreme Court in the celebrated case, JOHNSON v. McINTOSH (8 Wheat., 543). Writing for the unanimous court, Chief Justice John Marshall observed that Christian European nations had assumed "ultimate dominion" over the lands of America during the Age of Discovery, and that--upon "discovery"--the Indians had lost "their rights to complete sovereignty, as independent nations," and only retained a right of "occupancy" in their lands. In other words, Indian nations were subject to the ultimate authority of the first nation of Christendom to claim possession of a given region of Indian lands. [Johnson: 574; Wheaton: 270-1]


What did Chief Justice MARSHALL say again?


While the different nations of Europe respected the right of the natives, as occupants, they asserted the ultimate dominion to be in themselves; and claimed and exercised, as a consequence of this ultimate dominion, a power to grant the soil, while yet in possession of the natives. These grants have been understood by all, to convey a title to the grantees, subject only to the Indian right of occupancy.

The history of America, from its discovery to the present day, proves, we think, the universal recognition of these principles.

Spain did not rest her title solely on the grant of the Pope. Her discussions respecting boundary, with France, with Great Britain, and with the United States, all show that she placed in on the rights given by discovery. Portugal sustained her claim to the Brazils by the same title.

No one of the powers of Europe gave its full assent to this principle, more unequivocally than England. The documents upon this subject are ample and complete. So early as the year 1496, her monarch granted a commission to the Cabots, to discover countries then unknown to Christian people, and to take possession of them in the name of the king of England. Two years afterwards, Cabot proceeded on this voyage, and discovered the continent of North America, along which he sailed as far south as Virginia. To this discovery the English trace their title.



Christopher Columbus was discovered by Indians and since all it takes is ”planting a cross and taking on the conquest and/or conversion of indigenous people” to steal a “New World” by genocide and then making that ideology Supreme Court law, then perhaps John Cotton’s words from 1630 reflect the ignorance and sentiment of many fundamentalists today.


The placing of a people in this or that country is from the appointment of the Lord.



Newcomb: The smoking gun By Steven Newcomb

We now have conclusive evidence: In a legal brief filed in the case Tee Hit Ton, the United States government traced the origin of Indian title in U.S. law to the ideology that discovering Christian sovereigns had the right to take over and acquire the lands of “heathens and infidels.”

- snip –

The United States responded to the Tee Hit Ton complaint by stating: “It is a well established principle of international law with respect to the lands of this continent [that] ‘discovery gave title to the government by whose subjects, or by whose authority, it was made, against all other European governments which title might be consummated by possession.’” Here the attorneys for the United States cited Johnson v. M’Intosh, from which they lifted the quoted language.

- snip –

Here, then, is the smoking gun: the U.S. government’s legal brief in Tee Hit Ton. It is a gem of religious racism that fully documents the illegitimate foundation of U.S. Indian law and policy. The U.S. legal brief in Tee Hit Ton also demonstrates that this foundation of religious discrimination and racism was affirmed by the United States Supreme Court as recently as 1955, when the court ruled that the Tlingit lands were not their property, and that religiously racist backdrop continues to be invoked whenever the court cites the Doctrine of Discovery.


What are additional rationales for “placing (of a) people in this or that country -”


Genocide OK if You're Killing God's Enemies?


Most people probably — hopefully — agree that genocide is wrong; at the same time, though, few people are as willing to condemn genocide if it occurs in the context of killing the "enemies" of God.




from the appointment of the Lord?”


How many Christians and Jews read the stories of mass slaughter in the Old Testament and react with horror? How many instead make up excuses for why it was OK for the Israelites to kill off entire groups of human beings? Once you start making such excuses, though, it's hard to stop and this creates problems for us today.



The answer is, and this is all one can hope to understand, is that there is no rational. There is irrational with economic motivation. For example, land is not valuable to the invaders in and of itself, but for the crops it might yield and the resources on it. But what about the “divine authorization” for genocide, or “the placing of a people in this or that country?”

One can neither prove nor disprove God as one learns from studying the ontological argument. So to, it is safe to say that those who have condoned genocide because they believe a supreme being authorized it believe in a supreme being, or God. It is circular reasoning taken to the extreme, let me attempt to make an example of the irrational. “Doesn’t one commandment say ‘Thou Shalt Not Kill,' then why is it permissible to exterminate a people? Because God commanded and authorized it, and who are you to question God?”


http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.iwchildren.org/pequot/115.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.iwchildren.org/pequot.htm&h=1320&w=814&sz=47&hl=en&start=57&um=1&tbnid=qssNDzixbIby8M:&tbnh=150&tbnw=93&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpequot%2Bwar%26start%3D40%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DDBUS,DBUS:2006-11,DBUS:en%26sa%3DN

"In a little more than one hour, five or six hundred of these barbarians

were dismissed from a world that was burdened with them."


"It may be demanded...Should not Christians have more mercy and

compassion? But...sometimes the Scripture declareth women and children must perish with their parents.... We had sufficient light from the word of God for our proceedings."

-Puritan divine Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana





Who were the invaders to "question their God?" It was much easier to dehumanize than question their "God" and risk eternal damnation.


Source

When asked at the military inquiry why children had been killed, one of the soldiers quoted Chivington as saying, "NITS MAKE LICE."



Allow me to wrap this up with some circular reasoning of my own. Since God and heaven can not be proved or disproved, then neither can hell. I would hope there is a hell, and I would hope it's unbearable. Furthermore, I'd hope Mather, Chivington, Custer, Hitler and the like are in it.


The placing of a people in this or that country is from the appointment of the Lord.


I don't believe in hell though, I believe in something akin to the First Law of Thermodynamics.


Energy can be changed from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed. The total amount of energy and matter in the Universe remains constant, merely changing from one form to another.


The lessons of Columbus, Mather, Chivington, Custer, Hitler and the like haven't been learned, so they've been "merely changing from one form to another."

http://www.videosift.com/video/Time-is-on-my-sideyes-it-is-from-Fallen


"Time is on their side" so long as crimes against humanity continue to be condoned for economic reasons and it will continue as long as the Military Industrial Complex exists with Manifest Destiny being the stage and irrational. The different faces of butchers aren't going to hell, nor are past ones in it, they're yet with us as that engine of grief called fundamentalism fuels their irrationality and puts blood money in their bank accounts.


Coup in Honduras: Military Ousts President Manuel Zelaya, Supporters Defy Curfew and Take to the Streets

AMY GOODMAN: And the connection to the School of the Americas at Fort Benning, Georgia?

GREG GRANDIN: Well, a number of the leaders of the Honduran military were trained in the School of the Americas, both during the Cold War and after, at the end of the Cold War.

- snip -

The Honduran military is effectively a subsidiary of the United States government.



Indigenous Hondurans face persecution and great risk after coup By Rick Kearns, Today correspondent

The coup government of Honduras is severely repressing opposition, curtailing constitutional rights, allowing excessive police violence which could be linked to several deaths, beatings and disappearances.

Those leaders are engaged in the seizing of media outlets across the country and persecution of indigenous peoples, particularly those involved in the almost daily protests according to two groups of international human rights observers who conducted investigations in July and August.

The most recent report came from the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, a branch of the hemispheric Organization of American States. The report, published Aug. 22, listed the following charges: “... repression imposed on protestors through the use of military patrols, the arbitrary applications of curfews, detentions of thousands of people; cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment and bad conditions of detention.





Leader Ousted, Honduras Hires U.S. Lobbyists

Honduran president, Manuel Zelaya, the de facto government and its supporters have resisted demands from the United States that he be restored to power. Arguing that the left-leaning Mr. Zelaya posed a threat to their country’s fragile democracy by trying to extend his time in office illegally, they have made their case in Washington in the customary way: by starting a high-profile lobbying campaign.

- snip -

Costing at least $400,000 so far, according to lobbying registration records, the campaign has involved law firms and public relations agencies with close ties to Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton and Senator John McCain, a leading Republican voice on foreign affairs.



George Bernard Shaw:

We learn from history that we learn nothing from history.

 
by Unknown | 10/27/2009 06:00:00 AM
My colleague Elizabeth Nelson and I are in the opening stages of putting together a conference panel proposal for the AHA conference in Boston in 2011 (submission deadline: February 15 of next year). We're looking for a third panelist to join our proposal.

The topic of the panel will be "The Question of Rationality in History," or perhaps something with a bit more of a religion-based focus. My paper will focus on the non-rational experiences of converts of evangelist Billy Sunday in the early 20th-century United States. Liz will be excerpting part of her dissertation on the autobiographies of insanity penned by three late-19th century Western European scholars. Since the overall theme of the conference is "History, Society, and the Sacred," we think we have a good chance at making the cut.

Since we are aiming at a global and/or interdisciplinary focus (the panel chair and commenter will likely be world historians), we'd love to be joined by someone working in a non-Western historical field, a very different time period (e.g., Medieval), or another discipline. Your paper would need to be able to connect to the other two described above; we can tweak the theme of the panel to accommodate you if necessary.

If you're interested or would like more information, please e-mail me.

We look forward to hearing from you!

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by AndrewMc | 10/26/2009 05:00:00 AM
This topic is neither exclusively progressive, nor particularly confined to historical study, per se. But is it important.

October is National Breast Cancer Awareness Month, and the fourth Monday in October is usually designated Breast Cancer Awareness Day. The likelihood is strong that everyone who reads this entry knows someone who has had breast cancer, or has had it themselves.

Follow me below for some statistics on breast cancer.




From the National Cancer Institute (NCI):

In 2009 there will be approximately:

  • New cases: 192,370 (female); 1,910 (male)
  • Deaths: 40,170 (female); 440 (male)



The NCI publishes an online booklet about breast cancer that covers everything from the fundamentals of the biology of a breast to how to detect breast cancer to the various kinds of treatments. I recommend reading through it.

Some risk factors:

Studies have found the following risk factors for breast cancer:

Age: The chance of getting breast cancer increases as you get older. Most women are over 60 years old when they are diagnosed.

* Personal health history: Having breast cancer in one breast increases your risk of getting cancer in your other breast. Also, having certain types of abnormal breast cells (atypical hyperplasia, lobular carcinoma in situ [LCIS], or ductal carcinoma in situ [DCIS]) increases the risk of invasive breast cancer. These conditions are found with a breast biopsy.

* Family health history: Your risk of breast cancer is higher if your mother, father, sister, or daughter had breast cancer. The risk is even higher if your family member had breast cancer before age 50. Having other relatives (in either your mother's or father's family) with breast cancer or ovarian cancer may also increase your risk.

* Certain genome changes: Changes in certain genes, such as BRCA1 or BRCA2, substantially increase the risk of breast cancer. Tests can sometimes show the presence of these rare, specific gene changes in families with many women who have had breast cancer, and health care providers may suggest ways to try to reduce the risk of breast cancer or to improve the detection of this disease in women who have these genetic changes.

Also, researchers have found specific regions on certain chromosomes that are linked to the risk of breast cancer. If a woman has a genetic change in one or more of these regions, the risk of breast cancer may be slightly increased. The risk increases with the number of genetic changes that are found. Although these genetic changes are more common among women than BRCA1 or BRCA2, the risk of breast cancer is far lower.

* Radiation therapy to the chest: Women who had radiation therapy to the chest (including the breasts) before age 30 are at an increased risk of breast cancer. This includes women treated with radiation for Hodgkin lymphoma. Studies show that the younger a woman was when she received radiation treatment, the higher her risk of breast cancer later in life.

* Reproductive and menstrual history:

o The older a woman is when she has her first child, the greater her chance of breast cancer.
o Women who never had children are at an increased risk of breast cancer.
o Women who had their first menstrual period before age 12 are at an increased risk of breast cancer.
o Women who went through menopause after age 55 are at an increased risk of breast cancer.
o Women who take menopausal hormone therapy for many years have an increased risk of breast cancer.

* Race: In the United States, breast cancer is diagnosed more often in white women than in African American/black, Hispanic/Latina, Asian/Pacific Islander, or American Indian/Alaska Native women.

* Breast density: Breasts appear on a mammogram (breast x-ray) as having areas of dense and fatty (not dense) tissue. Women whose mammograms show a larger area of dense tissue than the mammograms of women of the same age are at increased risk of breast cancer.

* History of taking DES: DES was given to some pregnant women in the United States between about 1940 and 1971. (It is no longer given to pregnant women.) Women who took DES during pregnancy may have a slightly increased risk of breast cancer. The possible effects on their daughters are under study.

* Being overweight or obese after menopause: The chance of getting breast cancer after menopause is higher in women who are overweight or obese.

* Lack of physical activity: Women who are physically inactive throughout life may have an increased risk of breast cancer.

* Drinking alcohol: Studies suggest that the more alcohol a woman drinks, the greater her risk of breast cancer.

Having a risk factor does not mean that a woman will get breast cancer. Most women who have risk factors never develop breast cancer.

Many other possible risk factors have been studied. For example, researchers are studying whether women who have a diet high in fat or who are exposed to certain substances in the environment have an increased risk of breast cancer. Researchers continue to study these and other possible risk factors.



Some organizations dedicating to helping to find a cure:






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by AndrewMc | 10/23/2009 12:01:00 PM
As my seventh birthday approached, my parents asked me what I wanted. There was only one thing. I wanted to be hit in the face with a pie. So, my dad caught me as I came out the door to our place that morning. Then he handed me a pie and said that it was only fair that since he had . . . and I hit him with it. It was a great birthday.

Soupy Sales died Thursday night. I knew without reading the obit that the first line would contain the words "rubber-faced."

I did find one particular part of his obituary very, very strange:

"His parents, owners of a dry-goods store, sold sheets to the Ku Klux Klan."

I dunno, that just struck me as weird.

[by the way, these "Ramblings" should be considered Open Threads.]



Thomas Frank has penned an excellent essay on the loopy fringe conservative movement's takeover of American discourse. He takes Richard Hofstadter's 1964 essay, "The Paranoid Style in American Politics," which all politically literate people ought to read.

Among Frank's gems is:

The paranoid pattern persists regardless. It is impervious to world events; a blurring of the American subconscious that has not changed since Hofstadter analyzed it 45 years ago. Consider the recent wave of fear that the hypnotic Mr. Obama was planning to indoctrinate schoolchildren. In "The Paranoid Style," Hofstadter wrote, "Very often the enemy is held to possess some especially effective source of power: he controls the press; . . . he has a new secret for influencing the mind; ... he is gaining a stranglehold on the educational system."


By the way, markfromireland at Firedoglake's The Seminal has another very good essay placing the current health care debate in the context of Hofstader's essay.





Well, this is disturbing.

A Russian historian investigating the fate of Germans imprisoned in the Soviet Union during the second world war has been arrested, in the latest apparent clampdown on historical research into the Stalin era by the Russian authorities.







I want to use these to teach. But I'm not sure I could get away with it.






I absolutely love what the "Yes Men" are doing. If aren't familiar with them, they're a kind of political-guerrilla satire group. And they're amazingly good at it. In 2004 one of the group, posing as a spokesperson for Dow Chemical, managed to get interviewed by the BBC. In the interview the "spokesman" claimed that Dow was going to take full responsibility for the accident and spend $12 billion to provide health care and clean up costs. See that here.

Their latest prank was to hold a fake Chamber of Commerce press conference announcing that the CoC was going to change its position on climate change.




Priceless.





Oh, good grief. Because this is what should destroy whatever credibility Meghan McCain might have had? Furrfu.

The sad thing is that Meghan McCain is a moron, just on her merits. And this is amply deconstructed here. But it would be a real disservice to the public discourse if what discredits Meghan McCain are her double-d boobs instead of her boob-ish worldview. It will allow conservatives to say "See, we had a real bright star here, and she was trashed by the media."

Instead, it would be good to see more of this. Watch Paul Begala upend her:




Note that her defense at one point (around 1:18) is "You know everything, and I'm just a blond here." There ya have it. She's just a blond Sarah Palin.








Parody, done well, speaks for itself.



Even so, the blogger who made the video explains it.






I realized today that I have old mail from an e-mail account older than the freshmen in my 100-level class. Sigh.

When I signed up for the account, I had to take a form to my then-department head, Roy Rosenzweig, to sign off on it. I was an undergrad. Nobody could figure out why a history major ought to have an e-mail account. I had to swear an oath that I wouldn't abuse the system. We both signed it, and there I was, owner of an account on George Mason's "vax" server. Google has an old Usenet post, of mine, but I don't think it was my first. That would have been earlier. Still, time flies.





The beer of the week is Dogfish Head.


These people make some really good beer, and they make a wide variety of really good beer. I don't always like all of it (case in point), but there are some that I'll have every chance I get.

An example of this is their 60, 90, and 120 Minute IPA beers. The 120 minute is pricey--$7 per bottle where I live--but it's a slow sipping beer, and lasts me quite a while. As the line goes, "This is a bottle with a message in, and the message is 'beware'." It's full-flavored, and high-alcohol.

I especially like Dogfish Head's web page of their brews. Each has a bit of information, as well as suggested food pairings. It's a good guide.

The owner of the brewery, Sam Calagione, has written an excellent book on the process of starting his brewery. It's nice read.

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by midtowng | 10/21/2009 01:11:00 PM
John Montgomery Ward was inducted into the Major League Baseball Hall of Fame in 1964. He debuted with the Providence Grays on July 15, 1878, as a pitcher. He won 164 career games with a 2.15 ERA. He threw the second perfect game in baseball history.
When an injury ended his pitching career in 1884, he learned to throw with his other arm and became a shortstop and second baseman. He went on to collect over 2,100 hits and steal 540 bases, including 111 in just one season.
He played on two pennant winning New York Giants teams, and managed the team for two other seasons. No other player in the history of baseball has won over 100 games as a pitcher and also collected over 2,000 hits.
For all these reasons he deserves to be remembered.

However, these accomplishments were nothing in comparison to the real legacy that defined him as a person and left its mark on baseball.

Image Hosted by ImageShack.us



"No other single accident has ever been so productive of games as that invention. From the day when the Phaeacian maidens started the ball rolling down to the present time, it has been continuously in motion, and as long as children love play and adults feel the need of exercise and recreation, it will continue to roll."
- John Montgomery Ward, from "Base-ball: How to become a player", 1888

At the age of 13 Ward began attending Penn State University, where some attribute him to developing the first curve ball.
The following year his parents died and he was forced to quit school to earn his own living. After failing at being a traveling salesman, he joined a semi-pro baseball team. A few years later the team folded, which gave him an opportunity to sign a contract with the Providence Grays in the newly formed National League.
At the age of 20, Ward became a player-manager for the Grays.

In those days a pitcher almost always threw complete games. Ward consistently pitched over 600 innings a year. In fact, in 1882 he threw an 18-inning complete game. This kind of wear and tear contributed to ending his pitching career at the ripe old age of 23.
The Grays, knowing his career as a pitcher was over, sold his contract to the New York Giants, where Ward began playing shortstop.

While in New York, Ward went back to college and graduated from the Columbia Law School in 1885.
That's where his story gets interesting.

"Is the Base-ball player a Chattel?"

Image Hosted by ImageShack.us"I will confine myself to a consideration of these relations as they have been induced by the action of the reserve-rule. I will first describe briefly the origin, intent, and effect of the rule; I will then trace in detail its subsequent development; I will show that there has been a complete departure from its original intent, and in consequence a total change in its effect; that abuse after abuse has been fastened upon it, until, instead of being used to the ends for which it was formed, it has become a mere pretence for the practice of wrong."
- John Montgomery Ward, August 1887


On this day in 1885, John Montgomery Ward, together with several other players on the New York Giants, met in secret and formed The Brotherhood of Professional Base Ball Players.
It was the first labor union in professional sports history.

The Brotherhoods had a long list of grievances: an end to extra duties, such as collecting tickets and sweeping up after games; an end to player sales in which the player gets nothing; and most of all, an end to the reserve system.

This is how John Ward described the reserve system:
The first reserve agreement was entered into by the club members of the National League September 30, 1879. By that compact each club was conceded the privilege of reserving for the season of 1880 five of its players of the season of 1879, and each of the eight clubs pledged itself not to employ any player so reserved by any of the others. The five men so chosen by each club were thus forced either to sign with the club reserving them at its own terms or withdraw to some club not a member of the League; and, as there were no such clubs then in existence, the reservation was practically without alternative. The club thus appropriated to itself an absolute control over the labor of five of its men, and this number has since been enlarged to eleven, so that now the club controls practically its entire team.
While the reserve system enabled poor teams to more easily stay solvent, it came at a cost born entirely by the players themselves.
You have to remember that in these days, professional baseball was a part-time job, and a poorly paid one at that. The reserve system locked a player into a club for life. If he didn't like it he could sit out a season, but when he came back no club would talk to him expect for team with the reserve claim on him.
While the club could unilaterally release a player and end his contract, it could still retain the reserve claim.

This monopoly system led to extreme abuses. Ward gives a good example of this:
A practical illustration of the working of this construction was given in the case of Charlie Foley. During the season of 1883 he contracted a malady which incapacitated him for play. He was laid off without pay, though still held subject to the direction of his club. In the fall he was placed among the players reserved by the club, though he had not been on the club's pay-roll for months. The following spring he was still unable to play, and the Buffalo Club refused to either sign or release him. He recovered somewhat, and offered his services to the club, but it still refused to sign him. Having been put to great expense in securing treatment, his funds were exhausted, and it became absolutely necessary for him to do something. He had offers from several minor clubs, to whom he would still would have been a valuable player, but on asking for his release from Buffalo it was again refused. He was compelled to remain idle all that summer, without funds to pay for medical treatment; and then, to crown all, the Buffalo Club again reserved him in the fall of 1884.
The following year the Brotherhood, with Ward as it leader, announced itself to the world and began agitating for players rights. They had managed to sign up most of the players of the National league, and some of the American Association players. At first there was some mild success, and they won the right to negotiate with other teams after being forced to take a pay cut by their current team.
However, even that modest victory caused a backlash.

After the Giants won the National League Pennant in 1888, the team set off on a first-ever world tour. Meanwhile, the owners met and designed a "Brush Classification Plan" in which the most a player could get in salary was $2,500. The New York Giants then sold Ward to the Washington Nationals for a record price of $12,000.

Ward was furious. He left the tour and demanded a meeting with the owners, as a representative of the Brotherhood, to discuss the classification system. He also demanded a share of his own sale price from Washington.
The owners refused to discuss the classification system with him, and Washington refused to pay him for his sale, thus nullifying the deal. During this time Ward still managed to bat .299 as the Giants won another NL Pennant.
In 1889 the National League began charging players rent for use of team uniforms, and $0.50 a day for meal money.

The Brotherhood was ready to go on strike, "a strike which will be the biggest thing ever heard of in the baseball world."

A Structure to Last Forever

"We believe it is possible to conduct our national game upon lines which will not infringe upon individual and natural rights. We ask to be judged solely by our business conducted more intelligently under a plan which excludes everything arbitrary and un-American, we look forward with confidence to the support of the public and the future of the national game."
- John Ward, November 8, 1889

Ward realized that the owners didn't take The Brotherhood seriously, so he threatened to form an alternative league.
The owners scoffed at Ward. They considered it an idle threat.

The owners had underestimated Ward. They failed to recognize his connections in the business community, not to mention his influence amongst the players. In 1890 the Players' National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs was formed.

56 National League players defected to the Players' League, including 15 future Hall of Fame players. Also, most of the St. Louis Browns of the American Association became a Players' League franchise. It consisted of eight teams. Ward managed one of them - Brooklyn Ward's Wonders - which finished second behind the Boston Reds.

The new league had a profit sharing system for the players and had no reserve system or classification plan. The league was operated on a cooperative basis, with both owners and players sitting on the board of directors.
Gate receipts were split evenly amongst the clubs. The owners kept the first $10,000 per club, with the rest shared with the players. Many players bought stock in their clubs.

The Players' League wasn't just a competing baseball league. It was a radically different concept.
In brief, the sports leagues are cartels, whose members compete on the field but collude to varying degrees off the field in order to ensure a competitive balance among their teams to guarantee continued attendance. One of the key characteristics of this organizational structure is that players are contracted employees, and have no ownership interest in the corporations (clubs) for whom they work. Also, players have no voice in league operations, and are subject to have the right to their labor traded or sold to other corporations (clubs) without the player's consent.8 The Players' League was the only attempt to create a rival league organized on a different basis. It was a co-operative, where players were investors in their clubs, player trades were by consent, and the "capitalists" (not owners) were to divide the profits equally with all the players.
The National League owners called them "secessionists". They said the Player's league was "an edifice built on falsehood" and its members as "overpaid players". But they reserved their worst criticism for Ward, who they called an employer of the "terrorism peculiar to revolutionary movements". Sympathetic newspapers called him "'Judas' Montgomery Ward".

The National League lifted the salary cap when they began to see most of their star players leaving for the new league. When that didn't help, they began a bidding war to get the players back. The National League intentionally scheduled their games to conflict with with Players' League games, forcing the fans to chose.
Several NL teams went to court to try to enforce the reserve clause, but they were eventually rejected in the courts "upon the grounds that the contract is indefinite and uncertain." Ward's case was the first.

All the baseball leagues lost money in 1890, but the Player's League lost the least. The New York Giants of the National League had to be bailed out by the other owners or it would have folded. Meanwhile, the National League Cincinnati franchise was purchased in mid-season by a group of Players' League owners, including Ward.

The Player's League was well attended, and drew larger crowds than the National League in 1890. They were strongly supported by the labor unions of the time.
However, the profit sharing system cut into the PL owners' profits. The PL owners didn't realize how much money the NL owners were losing, and naively thought the NL was in a stronger position. They began meeting secretly with the National League, which offered hefty bribes to the owners.

After the season ended, the owners folded the league. When meeting with their NL counterparts, the PL owners barred the players from attending, including Ward. The Brooklyn, New York, Chicago and Pittsburgh franchises were merged into the National League.

"The idea was as old as the hills, but its application to Base Ball had not yet been made. It was, in fact, the irrepressible conflict between Labor and Capital asserting itself under a new guise.... Like every other form of business enterprise, Base Ball depends for results on two independent divisions, the one to have absolute control over the system, and the other to engage in... the actual work of production."
- Andrew Spalding
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When the Players' League collapsed, so did The Brotherhood.
With no other league to challenge the NL, player's salaries dropped 40% by 1893.

The only lasting monument of the Players' League was the Polo Grounds, which had been constructed for the New York Giants team of the Players' League, not the one in the National League of the same name.

"The Players' League is dead. Goodbye Players' League. Your life has been a stormy one. Because of your existence many a man has lost by thousands of dollars. And before long all that will be left of you is a memory--a sad, discouraging memory."
- The Sporting News

The reserve system would last until 1976.

Finishing a Legacy

Ward came back to the National League as a player-manager of the Brooklyn Grooms. Eventually he was traded back to the New York Giants, where he finished his professional career in 1894.
After retiring Ward became a part owner of the Boston Braves, but his primary career was a lawyer representing baseball players against the National League.

When the Federal League was created in 1914, Ward became a business manager for the Brooklyn Tip-Tops.
Eventually he found a passion for golf and became one of the best in the country at that too, winning several championships in New York.

Ward died of pneumonia in 1925 at the age of 65. His plaque at the Baseball Hall of Fame fails to mention his involvement in the Brotherhood or the Players' League.

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by Gordon Taylor | 10/17/2009 03:41:00 AM
As we were saying...

What is there to think about stories like the one below? Ahmet Davutoglu, the Foreign Minister of Turkey, stands up before a microphone and says something so totally, so stupidly, so demonstrably untrue that one can only gape and wonder if he will be Oscar-nominated as Best Actor in a Supporting Role.




Here's the background. A Turkish dramatic series presented on a state-run television channel shows Israeli troops deliberately shooting at and killing Palestinian children. Israel cries foul. Ahmet Bey says, "But Turkey does not censor." This of course is false. A quick look at the comments following the linked article will show the American reader just a few of the many media outlets that have been banned by the Turkish authorities, from YouTube to the works of Richard Dawkins. But the real question is, Why does the Turkish government continue to act this way? Why do they blandly tell these lies? Why do they promote their police state to the world as a "vibrant democracy"? Having just gone through the Bush II Administration, and faced with the ever-burgeoning popularity of such beings as Glenn Beck and Rush Limbaugh, Americans are in no position to give themselves a pass on this. (Think of how many times George W. Bush claimed he didn't say something that he was quite plainly videotaped saying.) But there's something so Turkish about the blandness with which Turkish government officials put out these statements about their own uprightness and morality. Contrast this with the American style. Tad Friend, writing about Hollywood in 12 October 2009 edition of The New Yorker, says,
"Hollywood's leaders work with the understanding that facts are not fixed pillars but trial balloons that you inflate with the gas of vehement assertion."
The gas of vehement assertion. How I wish that I had written that phrase. How I wish that I could buy some of that and put it in my car. It could run forever.
Davutoğlu: Turkey is not a country that censors

ISTANBUL – Daily News with wires Friday, October 16, 2009

Foreign Minster Ahmet Davutoğlu on Friday responded to complaints from Israel about the depiction of Israeli armed forces in a Turkish television series on a state-run channel. “There is no censorship in Turkey,” Davutoğlu said in a press conference Friday before he departed for Bosnia, according to broadcaster CNNTürk. “TRT [Turkish Radio and Television Corporation] is an autonomous institution. The television series’ producers are also an independent company. It is not in the ministry’s mandate to advise them.”

He criticized Israel as the actual source of tension, referring to the country’s attack on Gaza last year. “Turkey has been working toward creating peace in the region, and it was Israel that put our chances of creating peace at risk by attacking Gaza.” He cited women and children suffering the most from the incidents.
He recalled that Turkey was mediating between Israel and Syria last year, but said, “We will not be silent about what happened in Gaza,” according to the Anatolia news agency. The Israeli ambassador to Turkey was expected to visit the Foreign Ministry later Friday to express his government’s concerns about the television series.
The final stroke, the smack to the forehead, comes in the Comment form at the end of the article. Note:
"Submitted comments must be approved by Daily News staff to ensure they are in accordance with Turkish law. Comments that violate Turkish law will not be published."
And Orwell laughs again.

[Cross-posted at The Pasha & the Gypsy]

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by AndrewMc | 10/16/2009 12:01:00 PM


Four to six years of college, tens of thousands of dollars in debt, and whaddaya get? Nothing.





Bright, eager—and unwanted. While unemployment is ravaging just about every part of the global workforce, the most enduring harm is being done to young people who can't grab onto the first rung of the career ladder.

Affected are a range of young people, from high school dropouts, to college grads, to newly minted lawyers and MBAs across the developed world from Britain to Japan. One indication: In the U.S., the unemployment rate for 16- to 24-year-olds has climbed to more than 18%, from 13% a year ago.


Thanks, George Bush and the Republicans, for the largest unregulated transfer of wealth from the lower and middle classes to the wealthy, ever.

Great job with the economy!

More ramblings below . . .




I'd say "must read," but that's stating the obvious when it comes to fivethirtyeight.com.







OK, raise your hand if you remember all the hullabaloo when the Virginia Military Institute was forced to admit women beginning in 1997. I had just moved from Virginia the year before, when the case was decided by the Supreme Court.

The howling that came from graduates of VMI was enough to make one think that if women set foot on VMI's campus, the entire structure of the U.S. military, indeed the very fabric of the nation's soul, would be torn asunder.

Now we learn that:

[W]hat has followed, the school's current leaders say, is unexpected academic progress. Admission decisions are more selective than a decade ago. SAT scores are up. A rejuvenated faculty is building a national reputation for undergraduate research.


I hate it when that happens.






This is an interesting perspective on this past Sunday's National Equality March:

In the weeks leading up to the National Equality March -- held in Washington this past Sunday -- I found myself in the awkward position, for a straight person, of defending same-sex marriage rights to gay people who hated the whole idea with a passion.

Half the pleasure of being gay, explained my irritated interlocutors, is running wild. Maybe more than half.





I know, I know, we're supposed to just move on. The Bush Administration is over, done with. But the hits just keep coming. And once someone tells me how the current Republican party is any different from the Bush administration, then I'll let it go. [Hint: They're not.] Until then, one more fsckup:

The Bush administration Environmental Protection Agency actually reached the conclusion back in 2008 that climate change was a threat to humans. They just decided not to let anyone know about it.





I bought a one-terabyte hard drive last year, intending to use it for storage and backup. For someone who still has some floppy disks [soft floppies] lying around, that's a mind-bogglingly gigantic amount of storage space. Nevertheless, I'm using it, and the nice thing about it is that it's enough space. That is, while I've used a nice chunk of it, I'm also not at all worried about running out. I've never really been in that position before.

Facebook uses one petabyte just to store users' pictures. And now, companies are complaining that universities are ill-equipped to handle the increased data that's flowing into our world.

The amount of data is really just staggering.





This story (free registration required) makes my ramblings from last week even funnier:

Gone are the hot breakfasts in most dorms and the pastries at Widener Library. Varsity athletes are no longer guaranteed free sweat suits, and just this week came the jarring news that professors will go without cookies at faculty meetings.

By Harvard standards, these are hard times. Not Dickensian hard times, but with the value of its endowment down by almost 30 percent, the world’s richest university is learning to live with less.

The Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard’s largest division, has cut about $75 million from its budget in recent months and is planning more. With the cuts extending beyond hiring and salary freezes to measures that affect what students eat, where they study and other parts of their daily routine, the euphoria of fall in Harvard Yard is dampened.

Pardon me while I dry some tears.

I'm really tired of reading stories about how hard this Great Recession is on the privileged, elite, upper-crust. Give me a break.

I will say, though, that everyone seems to be piling on now:

Harvard University is known for providing its undergraduates with an unexpectedly high number of graduate assistants as teachers rather than professors because, apparently, the profs are too busy with more important things than teaching.

Now those poor kids can’t get a hot breakfast, a near tragedy that has just become the subject of numerous media accounts. Why is this, at a school where tuition is $33,696 for undergraduates this year and the total package (including room, board and student services fee) is $48,868?




The Beer of the Week is:

Meantime Brewing I had originally planned only to highlight American-made beer, and even within that I had planned to stick to so-called craft beer. But then I came across a beer place on Topsail Island in North Carolina that had a selection of a few hundred beers.

It reminded me of a couple of things. The first was that it's always amazing what you find in out-of-the-way places. The second was how much I liked Meantime beers. Not all of them. Once again, I had reviewed a few of these beers for my class: The Coffee Porter, Red Ale, and Chocolate Stout.

While I hadn't much liked the first two, the Chocolate Stout was incredible. But the place on Topsail had the Meantime Coffee Porter, so I figured I'd try it again. Oddly, this was much better in a bottle thousands of miles away than it was on tap a few miles from the brewery. Good stuff.

One cool thing about the Meantime Brewery is that it sits at on the Greenwich line. And they give coordinates for finding the pubs that carry their beer. It's a cool little gimmick.

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by AndrewMc | 10/15/2009 07:00:00 AM
I'm a fan of social media, for all kinds of reasons. Facebook is a good distraction, and I probably play chess on Facebook more than I actually communicate with people. But I also think that social media has some potential to help universities in general, and historians in particular, extend, or perhaps reinvent, their missions.

After all, historians have a mission to educate the public, and to help provide some historical context for the public discourse. Otherwise we're just talking to ourselves, right? One way to do this is through letters to the editor, offering to write guest editorials, and giving public lectures. For example, I speak to a number of groups every year on a variety of topics, and I write book reviews for the local newspapers.

But social media offer historians another opportunity to make our voices heard.


This is important to remember, though:

But even as more and more colleges create profiles, fan pages, and Twitter feeds, the question of how best to take advantage of these adolescent technologies — and how influential they actually are in terms of recruiting students and prompting donations — remains largely unanswered.

Very true. It's not just about what to do with these media, which I'll get to in a minute. It's also about whether or not these technologies are useful. My university has a "fan" page on Facebook. I'm not sure what they get out of it, but since it doesn't cost them anything to maintain, it's not that big of a deal.

Another question is about the format such new media should take.

College, and departments within colleges, rushed to get on the Web in the mid-1990s, and the process was, as my grandmother would say, "willy nilly" at best. And for the past few years universities have tried to impose some standards for web pages. This has required departments and other units within universities to go back and re-do their pages. OK, that makes sense.

We're facing another such moment as universities rush to take advantage of "Web 2.0," better known as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, podcasts, blogging, and other similar media.

There's also iPhone applications to think about. There are a few units in my university working to develop iPhone applications. The library would like to make its catalog available more easily through the iPhone. Computer Science has some ideas, and others are working on an app that would get students thinking about political and civic engagement. I'm going to start learning how to develop iPhone apps, and I suspect that my first effort will be to make a reader for this site.

With all that in mind, it's important for universities to begin, now, to set some standards for how iPhone applications should be developed. That is, things like layout, logos, links, and language should all be standardized, as much as possible, before the first application comes out.

As historians we also have a mission to educate the public. We should think about ways to more effectively reach out through Web 2.0. The most obvious one in terms of outreach is podcasting/vidcasting, and a great number of historians have been utilizing this outlet. Gilder Leherman, for example, podcasts some phenomenal lectures that are a real service to the general public, as well as to history geeks all over the world.

iPhone applications are a less obvious but just as potent. It's not just that these apps allow someone to reach out to millions of others. Here are some ideas for things that we can do:
  • Begin weekly or monthly "Current Events in Context" feeds that take current events and explain the history behind them.
  • Place mini-lectures online, and feed them through podcasts.
  • Historical trivia games. Before you scoff at mere "trivia," hang on a second. Why not an iPhone app that is a trivia game, but each correct answer provides a bit of extra history. Fun, educational.
  • Historical organizations could put their annual meeting information into an iPhone application, including maps of the hotels. Click on a panel info and up would pop information about the panel, along with a map to help users locate it. I bet there's an enterprising graduate student out there who would be willing to develop such an application for a small stipend. Then, charge $.99 for the app. If it were some meeting that I regularly attend like the AHA, SHA, or OAH, I'd buy it.

I'm sure there are more ways to take advantage of this technology. What are your ideas?




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by AndrewMc | 10/13/2009 07:00:00 AM
This is the first in what will be a series of interviews with the folks in professional organizations for historians, teachers, and those interested in history. There are dozens and dozens of such organizations, and it occurred to me that we might not know much about the people who make those organizations work.

We're going to start with the American Historical Association. They're the umbrella organization for historians in the United States, although there are members from around the world. I sent a series of questions to Rob Townsend. From his bio:

Robert serves as senior staff assistant to the Association's Research Division, maintains databases and statistics on the historical profession in the U.S., and oversees print and online publications produced at the AHA headquarters office. He is the author of over 150 articles on various aspects of history, higher education, and electronic publishing in Perspectives on History, AHA Today, the OAH Newsletter, New Directions in Higher Education, and the American Association of University Presses Exchange. He received his PhD from George Mason University in 2009, and is currently revising his dissertation under the working title “Making History: Scholarship and Professionalization in the Discipline, 1880–1940.”



Follow me for the interview . . .





Your name? Robert B. Townsend

Your organization? American Historical Association

Your position? Assistant Director, Research and Publications

How long have you been with them? 20 years

About how many members in your organization? Around 15,000

Who is the organization’s main professional constituency? Our primary professional constituency has traditionally been research historians in four-year colleges and universities. Over the past two decades the leadership of the Association has recognized that this represents only a portion of the work taking place in the discipline, and has been reaching out to other constituencies, most notably teachers and public historians.

What is the main journal for your organization? The American Historical Review.

What are some of the things that have most changed in your organization over the past 10 years? 25?

Without a doubt, the most significant change in the organization is the shift online, and the host of secondary issues arising from online publication of history and scholarship. When I started here in 1989, we were still preparing publications for a life on paper—using razor blades and tape for layout. Moving onto the web has significantly expanded the scope and reach of the Association. It allows us to better fulfill our original mandate to preserve and promote history, and I think it has also helped make the leadership more conscious of the larger audience we should serve—including those who practice history professionally outside of academia.


What do you see as some of the major challenges facing your organization going into the near future?


The flip side to the benefits of new media is the problem of trying to pay for it. The Internet may have remarkably low threshold costs to get in, but the expenses grow remarkably fast as soon as you try to do something on a significant scale or make a novel use of the technology. That was quite evident in the Gutenberg-e program, which tried to develop scholarly monographs that could take advantage of the medium, and it has been our experience as we try to stay up-to-date and engaged with a variety of Web 1.0 and Web 2.0 projects. Unfortunately, I have yet to find any source of revenue that comes close to covering the costs involved. (I tried to lay all this out in the article at http://www.historians.org/perspectives/issues/2008/0812/0812aha2.cfm ).

What would be your advice for an undergraduate considering going into the field covered by your organization in terms of how to position themselves for the job market?

History still seems uniquely positioned to serve as a starting point for a wide range of careers, since it teaches students how to sift evidence, think critically, and write well. I think history provides a set of skills that becomes ever more useful in an information-based economy.


How is your organization coping with, or exploiting, the challenges of new media such as blogging, Twitter, Facebook, &c. &c.


We established a blog three years ago, and have been very pleased with the amount of interest and attention it has elicited. Admittedly, it has been a bit of a challenge to balance the institutional gravitas that comes with working at the AHA with the desire to make it an interesting and engaging blog. But I would like to think we have carried that off pretty well. At the very least, I think it has helped to open up more dialogue with and among members, and perhaps diminish the sense that the AHA is just a nameless faceless bureaucracy in D.C.

We have been looking to get into other areas of the Web 2.0 space (Facebook, LinkedIn), but discovered some members have already established spaces there in our name. We also ventured into wikis with our Archiveswiki project. That has elicited rather less interest than I’d hoped. Thus far it has generated rather more interest than actual participation from members of the discipline. But even within our economic constraints, it seems far better to experiment than to just sit back and watch change happen.


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by Winter Rabbit | 10/12/2009 09:33:00 PM


Christopher Columbus:

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The Christian Crusades had ended in 1291, the Black Death had been deliberately blamed on innocent Jews who said what their Christian torturers forced them to, that they poisoned water wells, causing the Black Death.


Of course, the real cause was in the stomachs of fleas, not planetary alignment, earthquakes, or God's Judgment. Nonetheless, the extermination of European Jews began in 1348 again, along with a key notorious origin of Manifest Destiny.


Source

But no sooner had the plague ceased than we saw the contrary . . . [People] gave themselves up to a more shameful and disordered life than they had led before.... Men thought that, by reason of the fewness of mankind, there should be abundance of all produce of the land; yet, on the contrary, by reason of men's ingratitude, everything came to unwonted scarcity and remained long thus; nay, in certain countries.



Christopher Columbus was born in 1451, barely over a century later in the city - state of Genoa, Italy after the newest Christian Campaign to exterminate the European Jews. Columbus educated himself, and his father was a wool merchant (3). Columbus was a map maker and a sailor in his forties; consequently, he knew that the world was round. What were three of the motivations that led him to set sail on August 3, 1492 on the Pinta, the Nina, and the Santa Maria from the "Southern Spanish port of Palos?" Greed for gold, capitalistic greed through the potential of wealth through the slave trade, and the religious beliefs of Apocalyptic Christianity were three primary motivations Columbus had for setting sail; consequently, which fueled genocide against tens of millions of Indigenous People.

One of Columbus's motivations was greed for gold, which he acquired on the Gold Coast in the Portuguese colony (3).


Christopher Columbus: The Untold Story

Christopher Columbus:

"Gold is most excellent; gold is treasure, and he who possesses it does all he wishes to in this world." [2]


Another of Columbus's motives for making the journey was his capitalistic greed through the potential of wealth through the slave trade, which resulted in more and more slavery because of the desire for sugar and led to the atrocities of the Middle Passage.


Source

Sugar cane was the number one crop that produced the growth for Europe. It was brought to the New World from Spain by Christopher Columbus, later shipped to the rest of Europe. The growing sugar industry called for the usage of African slaves. Also the African slave labor and the plantations are what formed the Americas. The work that was performed on the plantations which, produced large quantities of sugar, created an even greater need for slaves, by the enslaved Africans brought to the Atlantic World by the Middle Passage.

Here is a map that provides a good overview.

The religious beliefs of Apocalyptic Christianity were yet another one of Columbus' motivations for setting sail; consequently, it was the most illogical motivation he possessed. For his greed for gold could be coldly construed as a more practical reason, except for all of the Indigenous People he would in the future have to exterminate to get it, which he probably did not yet know of at the time. He had only ventured to the Gold Coast. His use of the slave trade for monetary gain was illogical enough, for it denied the very humanity of the African People and the Indigenous People that he would force into slavery; however, his beliefs regarding Apocalyptic Christianity were projected outwards towards the entire world.


Source

During those same long centuries they had further expressed their ruthless intolerance of all persons and thugs that were non-Christian by conducting pogroms against the Jews who lived among them and whom they regarded as the embodiment of the Antichrist imposing torture exile and mass destruction on those who refused to succumb to evangelical persuasion.


Columbus was possessed with the obsession that Christ would return only if the Gospel was spread far and wide. Apocalyptic Christianity taught him: that either a savior in human form would prepare the way for Christ to return in the midst of a war between good and evil and history would end; or, that after the earth suffers dire consequences, evil would increase while love would decrease, then Christ would return with the Final Judgment and end history; or, that a period of peace would precede the Final Judgment. During this "period of peace," the Jews would be converted, while "the heathens would be either converted or annihilated." I think the latter best reflects Columbus's personal view of Apocalyptic Christianity. I will state why after a couple less known facts in order to set up a contrast.

The Indigenous People very well may have had a much better future then and history now if Christopher Columbus had perished in the Atlantic on February 14, 1493. For the first European to land in America was Leif Ericson, a Viking seaman from Greenland (see Ericson). The ancient sagas give different accounts of this voyage made in the year 1000.


As for contacts of New World peoples with Europe, the sole early ones involved the Norse who occupied Greenland in very small numbers between A.D. 986 and about 1500. But these Norse visits had no discernible impact on Native American societies. (2)


The Norse left "no discernable impact." I cannot answer why that is, except to note that Viking voyages decreased and ended during the slow process of the Christianization of Scandinavia. So by contrast, Columbus had an enormous impact that is more far reaching than he could have imagined. Ironic indeed, since he grossly underestimated the earth's size prior to setting sail. For example, "He thought that Japan lay only three thousand miles from the southern European Coast (3)." He may then have also grossly underestimated the sheer mass numbers of Indigenous Population in the lands he did not first discover in the Americas. No matter though, for such "heathens" would either have to be "converted or annihilated."

To be sure, the real annihilations did not start until the beginning of Columbus' second voyage to the Americas in 1493 (1). For while he had expressed admiration for the overall generosity of Indigenous People (1) and considered the Tainos to be "Very handsome, gentle, and friendly," he interpreted all these positive traits as signs of weakness and vulnerability, saying "if devout religious persons knew the Indian Language well, all these people would soon become Christians (3)." As a consequence, he kidnapped some of the Tainos and took them back to Spain.


It would be easy, he asserted, to "subject everyone and make them do what you wished (3)."


Indeed, he did subject everyone he had the power to subject.

Source

On his second voyage, in December 1494, Columbus captured 1,500 Tainos on the island of Hispaniola and herded them to Isabela, where 550 of ''the best males and females'' were forced aboard ships bound for the slave markets of Seville.

Under Columbus's leadership, the Spanish attacked the Taino, sparing neither men, women nor children. Warfare, forced labor, starvation and disease reduced Hispaniola's Taino population (estimated at one million to two million in 1492) to extinction within 30 years.


Furthermore, Columbus wrote a letter to the Spanish governor of the island, Hispaniola. Columbus asked the governor the cut off the ears and the noses of any of the slaves who resisted being subjugated to slavery.


...It is estimated that 100 million Indians from the Caribbean, Central, South, and North America perished at the hands of the European invaders. Sadly, unbelievably, really, much of that wholesale destruction was sanctioned and carried out by the Roman Catholic Church and various Protestant denominations. (1: p. 37)



Greed for gold, capitalistic greed through the potential of wealth through the slave trade, and the religious beliefs of Apocalyptic Christianity were three primary motivations Columbus had for setting sail. He was successful in his aims, which fueled genocide against tens of millions of Indigenous People. He was successful in promoting and aiding in establishing slavery by bringing sugar to Europe and to the New World from Spain, which created the evil necessity in the eyes of some of humanity's greatest criminals for the Middle Passage, where slaves packed like cargo between decks often had to lie in each other's feces, urine, and blood.

Columbus' "successes," all crimes against humanity, are now more so in these modern times. A day is now in his honor since 1971 (4). That's one success. Here are more of Columbus' "successes" from a book I highly recommend buying.


Unlearning the Language of Conquest: Scholars Expose Anti-Indianism in America (Paperback) by Four Arrows (Don Trent Jacobs) (Editor). p. 237.

As Moyers pointed out, this "mentality" and blind acceptance of biblical inerrancy, which contributed to the genocide of American Indians during Columbus' time, has, in many ways, continued and continues to inform U.S. foreign policy, including its dealings with its own sovereign Indian Nations.



Christopher Columbus :

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(Bold mine)

Christopher Columbus: The Untold Story

"We shall take you and your wives and your children, and shall make slaves of them, and as such shall sell and dispose of them as their Highnesses may command; and we shall take away your goods, and shall do all the harm and damage that we can." [11]





http://www.quotedb.com/quotes/3038

Mark Twain:

"History doesn't repeat itself, but it does rhyme."



Source

It is astonishing to most Americans that the federal government is still taking Indian land and resources – without due process of law and without fair market compensation, sometimes with no compensation at all. Of course, the Constitution says that Congress may not take anyone’s property except with due process of law and with fair market compensation. But these rules are not applied to most land and resources owned by Indian tribes, and the government takes the land and resources at will. Obviously, this is wrong.

Today, the government is trying to drive Western Shoshone Indians off their homelands in Nevada without a semblance of due process and with a payment of about 15 cents per acre. This is gold mining land, but that doesn’t make it alright to take it from its Indian owners. There are other present day cases. A few years ago, Congress confiscated part of the reservation that was shared by the Yurok Nation in California and turned it over to another tribe. Congress gloated at the time that it could do this without paying compensation because of Congress’ so-called “Plenary Power” over Indians and their property.


Sources:


(1): Kurt Kaltreider, PH.D. "American Indian Prophecies." pp. 49-57.

(2): Jared Diamond. "Guns, Germs, And Steel." pp. 67, 79.

(3): Norton. Katzman. Escott. Chudacoff. Paterson. Tuttle. "A People & A Nation." pp. 20 - 23.

(4): Four Arrows (Don Trent Jacobs). "Unlearning the Language of Conquest." pp. 20, 236, 31, 275.

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